- 1)smoking
- 2)high blood pressure
- 3)diabetes
- 4)age
- 5)no exercising
- 6)eating high fat food
- 7)drinking
- 8)mental stress
- 9)due to extreme cold
There are many causes of heart attack and in this part everyone should be aware of this content
- 1)smoking
- 2)high blood pressure
- 3)diabetes
- 4)age
- 5)no exercising
- 6)eating high fat food
- 7)drinking
- 8)mental stress
- 9)due to extreme cold
Some main causes of major heart diseases are..
Risk factors
The following are confirmed independent risk factors for the development of CAD:
- Hypercholesterolemia (specifically, serum LDL concentrations)
- Hypertension (high systolic pressure seems to be most significant in this regard)
- Hyperglycemia (due to diabetes mellitus or otherwise)
- Hemostatic Factors]: High levels of fibrinogen and coagulation factor VII are associated with an increased risk of CAD. Factor VII levels are higher in individuals with a high intake of dietary fat. Decreased fibrinolytic activity has been reported in patients with coronary atherosclerosis.
- Hereditary differences in such diverse aspects as lipoprotein structure and that of their associated receptors, homocysteine processing/metabolism, etc.
- High levels of Lipoprotein (a), a compound formed when LDL cholesterol combines with a substance known as Apoliprotein (a).
Significant, but indirect risk factors include:
- Lack of exercise
- Consumption of alcohol
- Stress
- Diet rich in saturated fats
- Diet low in antioxidants
- Obesity
- Men over 60; Women over 65
- Risk factors can be classified as
- Fixed: age, sex, family history
- Modifiable: smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, etc.
Causes of congenital heart defect
The cause of congenital heart disease may be either genetic or environmental, but is usually a combination of both.
By Genetics
Most of the known causes of congenital heart disease are sporadic genetic changes, either focal mutations or deletion or addition of segments of DNA.Major chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomies 21, 13, and 18 cause about 5-8% of cases of CHD, with trisomy 21 being the most common genetic cause. The genes regulating the complex developmental sequence have only been partly elucidated. Some genes are associated with specific defects. A number of genes have been associated with cardiac manifestations. Mutations of a heart muscle protein, α-myosin heavy chain (MYH6) are associated with atrial septal defects.
Causes of Left ventricular hypertrophy
While ventricular hypertrophy occurs naturally as a reaction to aerobic exercise and strength training, it is most frequently referred to as a pathological reaction to cardiovascular disease, or high blood pressure.
While LVH itself is not a disease, it is usually a marker for disease involving the heart.Disease processes that can cause LVH include any disease that increases the afterload that the heart has to contract against, and some primary diseases of the muscle of the heart.
Causes of increased afterload that can cause LVH include aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, and hypertension. Primary disease of the muscle of the heart that cause LVH are known as hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, which can lead into heart failure.
Causes of Coronary disease (or coronary heart disease)
Coronary artery disease, the most common type of coronary disease, which has no clear etiology, has many risk factors, including smoking, radiotherapy to the chest, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
Also, having a Type A behavior pattern, a group of personality characteristics including time urgency and competitiveness, is linked to an increased risk of coronary disease.
Causes of Heart failure
The predominance of causes of heart failure are difficult to analyze due to challenges in diagnosis, differences in populations, and changing prevalence of causes with age.
A 19 year study of 13000 healthy adults in the United States (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) found the following causes ranked by Population Attributable Risk score:
- Ischaemic heart disease 62%
- Cigarette smoking 16%
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)10%
- Obesity 8%
- Diabetes 3%
- Valvular heart disease 2% (much higher in older populations)
- An Italian registry of over 6200 patients with heart failure showed the following underlying causes:[
- Ischaemic heart disease 40%
- Dilated cardiomyopathy 32%
- Valvular heart disease 12%
- Hypertension 11%
- Other 5%
Rarer causes of heart failure include:
- Viral myocarditis (an infection of the heart muscle)
- Infiltrations of the muscle such as amyloidosis
- HIV cardiomyopathy (caused by human immunodeficiency virus)
- Connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abuse of drugs such as alcohol and cocaine
- Pharmaceutical drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents
- Arrhythmias
Causes of Myocarditis
A large number of causes of myocarditis have been identified, but often a cause cannot be found. In Europe and North America, viruses are common culprits. Worldwide, however, the most common cause is Chagas' disease, an illness endemic to Central and South America that is due to infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, Infections, Viral (Parvovirus B19, Coxsackie virus, HIV, enterovirus, rubella virus, polio virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and possibly hepatitis C), Protozoan (Trypanosoma cruzi causing Chagas disease and Toxoplasma gondii), Bacterial (brucella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, gonococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Actinomyces, Tropheryma whipplei, Vibrio cholerae, Borrelia burgdorferi, leptospirosis, Rickettsia), Fungal (aspergillus), Parasitic (ascaris, Echinococcus granulosus, Paragonimus westermani, schistosoma, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, visceral larva migrans, and Wuchereria bancrofti), Bacterial myocarditis is rare in patients without immunodeficiency.
